Facial seduction

[satishdog]

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[satishdog]

uff ur nose and lips

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[chicoguapo]

uff ur nose and lips

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Choos le na fir bhadwe vo mana thodi kar rahi hai

 

[satishdog]

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[chicoguapo]

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[font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Great Rann of Kutch, along with the [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Little Rann of Kutch and the [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Banni grasslands on its southern edge, is situated in the district of Kutch and comprises some 30,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) between the [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Gulf of Kutch and the mouth of the [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Indus River in southern Pakistan. The marsh can be accessed from the village of [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Kharaghoda in [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Surendranagar District.[font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,][size=x-small][4] The Great Rann of Kutch together with the Little Rann of Kutch is called [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Rann of Kutch.
[font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]In India's summer [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]monsoon, the flat desert of salty clay and [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]mudflats, which average 15 meters above sea level, fills with standing water. In very wemmmmtland extends from the Gulf of Kutch on the west through to the [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Gulf of Cambay on the east.[font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,][size=x-small][5][font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,][size=x-small][6]
[font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]The area was a vast shallow of the [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Arabian Sea until continuing [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]geological uplift closed off the connection with the sea, creating a vast lake that was still navigable during the time of [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Alexander the Great. The [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Ghaggar River, which presently empties into the desert of northern Rajasthan, formerly emptied into the [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Rann of Kutch, but the lower reaches of the river dried up as its upstream tributaries were captured by the [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Indus and [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Ganges thousands of years ago. Traces of the delta and its [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]distributary channels on the northern boundary of the Rann of Kutch were documented by the [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Geological Survey of India in 2000.
[font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]The [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Luni River, which originates in [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Rajasthan, drains into the desert in the northeast corner of the Rann. Other rivers feeding into the marsh include the [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Rupenfrom the east and the [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]West Banas River from the northeast.[font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,][size=x-small][7] [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Nara Canal or Puran river which is a [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]delta channel of [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Indus River empties during floods into [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Kori Creek located in the Great Rann of Kutch.
[font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]There are sandy islets of thorny scrub, forming a wildlife sanctuary[font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,][size=x-small][7] and a breeding ground for some of the largest flocks of [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]greater and [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]lesser flamingos.[font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,][size=x-small][8][font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,][size=x-small][9] Wildlife, including the [font=-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont,]Ind

 

[satishdog]

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[satishdog]

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[chicoguapo]

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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Contradictory information on when he adopted the title of Sultan (997 vs 1002), and in 977 he broke off from the Samanid Empire, among others. Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

• Mahmud of Ghazni
  
• محمود غزنوی

Medieval illustration of Mahmud and his court
Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire
Reign

• 999 – 30 April 1030

Predecessor
Ismail of Ghazni
Successor
Muhammad of Ghazni

Born
2 November 971
Ghazni, Zabulistan, Samanid Empire (present-day Afghanistan)
Died
30 April 1030 (aged 58)
Ghazni, Zabulistan, Ghaznavid Empire (present-day Afghanistan)
Burial
Ghazni
Issue

• Jalal al-Dawla Muhammad
  
• Shihab al-Dawla Masud
  
• Izz al-Dawla Abd al-Rashid
  
• Suleiman
  
• Shuja

[size=x-small]Full name
Yamīn-ud-Dawla Abul-Qāṣim Maḥmūd ibn Sebüktegīn
Persian
یمین‌الدوله ابوالقاسم محمود بن سبکتگین‎
Dynasty
Ghaznavid
Father
Sabuktigin
Religion

• Sunni Islam

Mahmud of Ghazni (Persian: محمود غزنوی‎; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030) was the first independent ruler of the Turkic[1][2] dynasty of Ghaznavids, ruling from 999 to 1030. At the time of his death, his kingdom had been transformed into an extensive military empire, which extended from northwestern Iran proper to the Punjab in the Indian subcontinent, Khwarazm in Transoxiana, and Makran.
Highly Persianized,[3] Sultan Mahmud continued the bureaucratic, political, and cultural customs of his predecessors, the Samanids, which established the ground for a Persianate state in northwestern India.[4] His capital of Ghazni evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual centre in the Islamic world, almost rivalling the important city of Baghdad. The capital appealed to many prominent figures, such as al-Biruni and Ferdowsi.[4]
Mahmud ascended the throne at the age of 27[5] upon his father's death, albeit after a brief war of succession with his brother Ismail. He was the first ruler to hold the title Sultan ("authority"), signifying the extent of his power while at the same time preserving an ideological link to the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphate. During his rule, he invaded and plundered the richest cities and temple towns in the regions of present day India seventeen times, and used the booty to build his capital in Ghazni.[6][7]
Contents

• 1Background
  
  [*]2Family
  
  [*]3Early career
  
  [*]4Reign
  
  
  • 
    
  • 4.1Ghaznavid campaigns in Indian Subcontinent
    
  
  [*]5Attack on the Somnath Temple
  
  • 
    
    
  • 5.1Historiography concerning Somnath
    
  
  
  [*]6Political challenges
  
  • 
    
    
    
  • 6.1Campaign timeline
    
    
    • 
      
      
      
      
    • 6.1.1As emir
      [*]6.1.2As sultan
      
  
  
  
  [*]7Attitude on religion and jihad
  [*]8Legacy
  [*]9Personality
  [*]10See also
  [*]11References
  [*]12Sources
  [*]13External links
  

[*]Background[edit]
Mahmud was born in the town of Ghazni in the region of Zabulistan (now present-day Afghanistan) on 2 November 971. His father, Sabuktigin, was a Turkic slave commander who laid foundations to the Ghaznavid dynasty in Ghazni in 977, which he ruled as a subordinate of the Samanids, who ruled Khorasan and Transoxiana. Mahmud's mother was the daughter of an Iranian aristocrat from Zabulistan,[8][9] and is therefore known in some sources as Mahmud-i Zavuli ("Mahmud from Zabulistan").[9] Not much about Mahmud's early life is known, he was a school-fellow of Ahmad Maymandi, a Persian native of Zabulistan and foster brother of his.[10]
Family[edit]
Mahmud married a woman named Kausari Jahan, and they had twin sons Mohammad and Ma'sud, who succeeded him one after the other; his grandson by Mas'ud, Maw'dud Ghaznavi, also later became ruler of the empire. His sister, Sitr-e-Mu'alla, was married to Dawood bin Ataullah Alavi, also known as Ghazi Salar Sahu, whose son was Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud.[citation needed]
Mahmud's companion and lover[11] was a Georgian slave Malik Ayaz, and his love for him inspired poems and stories.[12]
Early career[edit]

[*]

[*]
[*][*]

[*]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmud_ibn_Sebuktegin_attacks_the_fortress_of_Zarang.jpg
Sultan Mahmud and his forces attacking the fortress of Zaranj


[*][*]

[*]
In 994 Mahmud joined his father Sabuktigin in the capture of Khorasan from the rebel Fa'iq in aid of the Samanid Emir, Nuh II. During this period, the Samanid Empire became highly unstable, with shifting internal political tides as various factions vied for control, the chief among them being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, Fa'iq, Abu Ali[citation needed], the General Bekhtuzin as well as the neighbouring Buyid dynasty and Kara-Khanid Khanate.
Reign[edit]
Sabuktigin died in 997, and was succeeded by his son Ismail as the ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty. The reason behind Sabuktigin's choice to appoint Ismail as heir over the more experienced and older Mahmud is uncertain. It may due to Ismail's mother being the daughter of Sabuktigin's old master, Alptigin.[9] Mahmud shortly revolted, and with the help of his other brother, Abu'l-Muzaffar, the governor of Bust, he defeated Ismail the following year at the battle of Ghazni and gained control over the Ghaznavid kingdom.[13] That year, in 998, Mahmud then traveled to Balkh and paid homage to Amir Abu'l-Harith Mansur b. Nur II.[14] He then appointed Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini as his vizier,[15] and then set out west from Ghazni to take the Kandahar region followed by Bost (Lashkar Gah), where he turned it into a militarised city.
Mahmud initiated the first of numerous invasions of North India. On 28 November 1001, his army fought and defeated the army of Raja Jayapala of the Kabul Shahis at the Battle of Peshawar. In 1002 Mahmud invaded Sistan and dethroned Khalaf ibn Ahmad, ending the Saffarid dynasty.[16] From there he decided to focus on Hindustan to the southeast, particularly the highly fertile lands of the Punjab region.
Mahmud's first campaign to the south was against an Ismaili state first established at Multan in 965 by a da'i from the Fatimid Caliphate in a bid to curry political favor and recognition with the Abbasid Caliphate; he also engaged elsewhere with the Fatimids. At this point, Jayapala attempted to gain revenge for an earlier military defeat at the hands of Mahmud's father, who had controlled Ghazni in the late 980s and had cost Jayapala extensive territory. His son Anandapala succeeded him and continued the struggle to avenge his father's suicide. He assembled a powerful confederacy that suffered defeat as his elephant turned back from the battle at a crucial moment, turning the tide into Mahmud's favor once more at Lahore in 1008 and bringing Mahmud into control of the Shahi dominions of Udbandpura.[17]
Ghaznavid campaigns in Indian Subcontinent[edit]

[*][*][*]

[*]
[*][*][*][*]

[*]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmud_of_Ghazni_last_success.jpg
Mahmud of Ghazni's last success in India against the Jats


[*][*][*][*]

[*]
Following the defeat of the Indian Confederacy, after deciding to retaliate for their combined resistance, Mahmud then set out on regular expeditions against them, leaving the conquered kingdoms in the hands of Hindu vassals and annexing only the Punjab region.[17] He also vowed to raid and loot the wealthy region of northwestern India every year.[18]
In 1001 Mahmud of Ghazni first invaded modern day Afghanistan and Pakistan and then parts of India. Mahmud defeated, captured, and later released the Shahi ruler Jayapala, who had moved his capital to Peshawar (modern Pakistan). Jayapala killed himself and was succeeded by his son Anandapala. In 1005 Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Bhatia (probably Bhera), and in 1006 he invaded Multan, at which time Anandapala's army attacked him. The following year Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and crushed Sukhapala, ruler of Bathinda (who had become ruler by rebelling against the Shahi kingdom). In 1013, during Mahmud's eighth expedition into eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Shahi kingdom (which was then under Trilochanapala, son of Anandapala) was overthrown.[19]
In 1014 Mahmud led an expedition to Thanesar. The next year he unsuccessfully attacked Kashmir. In 1018 he attacked Mathura and defeated a coalition of rulers there while also killing a ruler called Chandrapala. In 1021 Mahmud supported the Kannauj king against Chandela Ganda, who was defeated. That same year Shahi Trilochanapala was killed at Rahib and his son Bhimapala succeeded him. Lahore (modern Pakistan) was annexed by Mahmud. Mahmud besieged Gwalior, in 1023, where he was given tribute. Mahmud attacked Somnath in 1025, and its ruler Bhima I fled. The next year, he captured Somnath and marched to Kachch against Bhima I. That same year Mahmud also attacked the J

 

[satishdog]

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[chicoguapo]

kriti please tere pyari pyari hatheli se chamaat khana hai muzee ufffff

chanapala was killed at Rahib and his son Bhimapala succeeded him. Lahore (modern Pakistan) was annexed by Mahmud. Mahmud besieged Gwalior, in 1023, where he was given tribute. Mahmud attacked Somnath in 1025, and its ruler Bhima I fled. The next year, he captured Somnath and marched to Kachch against Bhima I. That same year Mahmud also attacked the Jats of Jud.[19]
Christoph Baumer notes that in 1026 CE, Jats "inflicted heavy losses" on the army of Mahmud while it was on its way from Somnath to Multan. Later in 1027 CE, he avenged the attack by Jats, who had also been impervious to "forced Islamisation" for the last three centuries, by ravaging the fleet of Jats in the Indus river. Even though Jats had a bigger fleet than Mahmud, he is said to have around 20 archers on each of his 1400 boats, who were stocked with "special projectiles" carrying naphtha, and Jats' fleet was blazed by them.[20]
The Indian kingdoms of Nagarkot, Thanesar, Kannauj, and Gwalior were all conquered and left in the hands of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist kings as vassal states and he was pragmatic enough not to neglect making alliances and enlisting local peoples into his armies at all ranks. Since Mahmud never kept a permanent presence in the northwestern subcontinent, he engaged in a policy of destroying Hindu temples and monuments to crush any move by the Hindus to attack the Empire; Nagarkot, Thanesar, Mathura, Kannauj, Kalinjar (1023)[21] and Somnath all submitted or were raided.
Attack on the Somnath Temple[edit]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Sultan_Mahmud_of_Ghazni_in_1839-40.jpg
A painting of the tomb of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, in 1839–40, with sandalwood doors long believed to have been plundered from Somnath, which he destroyed in c. 1024, but later found to be replicas of the original


The most famous of Mahmud's raids was that of Somnath. The temple was maintained by 10,000 villages, a thousand Brahmins and 500 girls sung and danced at its door.[citation needed] The Hindus believed that the Moon-god (Somnath) would destroy the Turks. In 1025 Mahmud raided Gujarat, plundering the Somnath temple and breaking its jyotirlinga. At first, the Rajput princes who had gathered there repulsed Mahmud, but the Hindus were defeated in the end and Mahmud entered the temple, which was a lofty structure supported by 56 pillars. Immense booty was acquired in the form of diamonds, rubies and pearls and 2 million dinars.[citation needed] The conquest of Somnath was followed by a punitive invasion of Anhilwara.[22][23][24] Historians estimate the damage to the temple to have been minimal because there are records of pilgrimages to the temple in 1038 that make no mention of any damage.[25] However, powerful legends with intricate detail had developed regarding Mahmud's raid in the Turko-Persian literature,[26] which "electrified" the Muslim world according to scholar Meenakshi Jain.[27]
Historiography concerning Somnath[edit]
Historians including Thapar, Eaton, and A. K. Majumdar have questioned the iconoclastic historiography of this incident. Thapar quoted Majmudar (1956):

But, as is well known, Hindu sources do not give any information regarding the raids of Sultan Mahmud, so that what follows is based solely on the testimony of Muslim authors.[28]

Thapar also argued against the prevalent narrative:

Yet in a curiously contradictory manner, the Turko-Persian narratives were accepted as historically valid and even their internal contradictions were not given much attention, largely because they approximated more closely to the current European sense of history than did the other sources.[29]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:...Arabic_and_Sanskrit_minted_in_Lahore_1208.jpg
Silver jitals of Mahmud of Ghazni with bilingual Arabic and Sanskrit minted in Lahore 1028. Legend – verse: la ilaha illa'llah muhammad rasulullah sal allahu alayhi wa sallam; reverse: avyaktam eka muhammada avatāra nrpati mahamuda.

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Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Verse to Mahmud of Ghazni
Political challenges[edit]

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The last four years of Mahmud's life were spent conte